The National Program for Key S & T
Projects
First started in 1982, the
"National Program for Key S&T Projects" is a
critical component of the five-year plans for the national
economic and social development. It is updated every five
years and submitted for approval by the National People's
Congress --the Chinese Parliament.
The
objective of the Program is to find solutions to the
scientific and technological bottlenecks in the national
economic and social development.
The Program is
funded by both the central and local governments, and
supplemented by financial inputs from different industrial
sectors and institutions. The government investment is in
three types: completely free support, partially free
support, and loans. The government investment on the Program
during the Eighth Five-year Plan period (199 l-1995) was
about 3.5 billion yuan.
The Spark Program
Approved by the Chinese Government in 1986,
the Spark program is the nation's first guided development
program designed to develop the rural economy through
science and
technology.
Objectives
To bring
advanced and appropriate scientific and technological
achievements to the rural areas; to guide the 800 million
Chinese farmers onto the path towards modern, science and
technology-driven agricultural production; to guide
scientific and technological progress in township
enterprises; to improve productivity; and to ensure a
sustainable, fast and healthy development of the rural
economy.
Financial
Resources
Mainly raised from the public with
some seed money from the state. Projects listed in the
program are entitled to favorable bank loans and
preferential taxation policies.
Future
Focus
To develop regional pillar industries in
rural areas; To establish Spark-intensive Areas in
conjunction with the construction of small cities and
towns.
The National High Technology R&D
Program
In March of 1986, four eminent Chinese
scientists urged the initiation of a new national high
technology program. Thoroughly assessed by expertise and
approved by the Chinese Government, the National High
Technology Research and Development Program (also referred
to as 863 Program) was launched.
Guiding
Principles
Limited targets, clearly-defined
priorities, vigorous monitoring of global technological
advances, striving for breakthroughs wherever possible, and
combining the military with the civilian while focusing
attention on the
civilian.
Objectives
The Program
is designed to pool the best technological resources in
China for the purpose of keeping up with the world's high
technology advances in certain fields, to close the gap
between China and other countries in several critical areas;
and to strive for breakthroughs wherever possible. The
Program also devotes attention to providing technological
backup for the nation's economic development, national
defense, and the
commercialization of high
technology.
Finance
The financial
support required for the Program comes from special
government appropriations.
The Torch
Program
Approved by the Chinese Government, the
Torch Program (high and emerging technology industry
development program) was initiated in
1988.
Objectives
To promote the
commercialization, industrialization and globalization of
the results of key high technology projects(including those
from the 863Program) through market
mechanisms.
Financial
Resources
Mainly raised from the public with
support of start-up funds from the state. New product
projects listed in the Program are entitled to priority in
getting bank loans and to preferential taxation policies
over a specified period of time.
The creation
of the High and Emerging Technology Industry Development
Zones
represent a major thrust of the
"Torch Program". Thus far, the central government
has approved 52 such zones at the national level, resulting
in clusters of burgeoning high and new technology industries
in the coastal, frontier, boarder and inland cities all over
the country. Preferential policies have been put into effect
in these zones.
The National S&T
Achievement Dissemination Program
The National
S & T Achievements Dissemination Program was initiated
in 1990.
Objectives
To inject
advanced, appreciate, mature S&T achievements into the
nation's economic and social development in a well organized
and planned fashion; to mobilize large numbers of scientists
and engineers for the implementation of massive
popularization efforts in the rural areas, in enterprises,
and in a wide range of economic and social activities, so as
to enhance the overall performance level of the national
economy.
Features
Meeting the
technological requirements of enterprises, the countryside,
and the traditional industries;
Aiming at
higher economic returns with less investment, short
investment cycle, good demonstration role and spin-off
effect.
Finance
Loans,
investments, and funds are raised by enterprises and the
public as well as start-up money provided by the government.
The projects listed in the program are entitled to
preferential treatment during
implementation.
The National Program for Key
Basic Research Projects
Approved by the
Chinese Government, National Program for Key Basic Research
Projects (the Scaling the Height Program) was initiated in
1991.
Objectives
The Program is
designed to conduct high quality research on major
scientific issues that have an important bearing on the
nation's science and technology as well as economic and
social development, so as to make great contributions to the
world's scientific advances and our country's social
progress, vigorously train young talents for basic research,
and strengthen the buildup of a high quality research
contingent.
Funding
The funding
required for the program is provided by the
government.
The National Program for Key Basic
Research Projects covers seven branches of basic research
and eight branches of applied basic research fields:
mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics, astronomy,
geography, biology; energy, materials, information and
computer, basic agronomy, basic medical sciences, resource
and environment science, space science, and engineering
science.
Thus far, 45 basic research projects
have been undertaken
1. Fundamental research on
high critical temperature superconductivity
2.
The computing theory and methods of large-scale scientific
engineering
Physics of Semiconductor Super
Lattice and exploratory work on new materials and
devices
4. Nonlinear sciences
5.
Study and application of proving theorems with the aid of
computer programs
6. Nano-size materials
science
7. Some important problems on
theoretical physics
8. Multi-frequency band
observation and research of the activity of celestial bodies
9. Research on the chemical problems in
lifetime
10. Research on the molecular
engineering of functional materials
11.
Research on basic physics problems of condensed polymers
12. Atomic-molecular excited state and
state-state reaction dynamics
13. Fundamental
research on rare earth materials
14.
Fundamental research on utilization of superiority of male
sterility
15. Research on the model of
effective control of wart in the system
16.
Research on acupuncture meridian (special channels and
collaterals in human body)
17. Research of the
nascent peptide chain and protein folding
18.
Molecular biology research on disease mechanism of malignant
tumors,cardiovascular and cerebral diseases
19. High yield and high efficiency physiology
research of Chinese major crops
20. Brain
function and it s Cell and Molecule fundamental research
21. Research on structure. property. molecular
design and preparing process of photo electrical
materials
22. Research on femtosecond laser
technique and ultra-fast process
23. Some
problems of cognitive sciences
a. Relationship
between the cognition and computing Neural networks Thinking
and synthesizing knowledge system
24.
Non-structure devices and mesoscopic
physics
25. High efficiency and low pollution
burning Process of coal and oil
26. Study on
climate dynamics and climate prediction
theory
Research on forecast and countermeasures
of changes and trends of China s future existence
environment (20-50 years)
28. Investigation and
application of crust motion and geo-dynamics in modem
time
29. Research of the formation. environment
change in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
30.
Fundamental research concerning the searching super-large
mineral deposits
Fundamental research on the
outbreak regularities and control techniques for 5 key pests
of grain and cotton crops
Nanometer scale
information storage using SPM/SNOM
technology
33. Fundamental research on
Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer co-flooding for enhanced oil
recovery(EOR)
34. New ideas and technology in
the search for Giant Ore Deposits
35.
Investigation on new theories and technologies for modern
Power system operation and control
36.
Fundamental research on improving seed stocks and
disease-resistance of maricultivated
organisms
37. Micro Electro Mechanical
System
38. Tibetan Plateau field experiment and
research
Research on advanced
aero-thermodynamics in energy utilization and new design
system
Fundamental research on safety and
durability of major structures in civil and hydraulic
engineering
Fundament research on the immune
prevention and control of animal important infectious
disease
Fundament research on the genetic
control of human diseases and infectious
diseases
43. Fundamental research on key
techniques in high-performance computing
44.
Fundamental research on smelting reduction
technology
Fundamental research on the advanced
techniques of nuclear medicine and
radiotherapy
The National Program for Science
and Technology for Sustainable
Development
Objectives
To improve
the quality of living of the people and to enhance the
overall quality of the general public;
To
improve the living and development environment for the
people and coordinate the relationship between man and
nature;
To promote scientific and technological
progress in social undertakings and related
industries;
To promote the implementation of
the National Program for Science and Technology for
Sustainable
Development.
Keynotes
Promoting
the implementation China's Agenda 21 through scientific and
technological progress;
Guiding and
coordinating the conduct of scientific and technological
undertakings in social development;
Promoting S
& T industrial development programs in such fields as
medicine, environment, resources, and housing
construction;
Supporting a number of S & T
research projects of great significance to the nation's
social development;
Arranging for a batch of
key applied basic research and high/new technology
development projects;
Establishing a cluster of
S & T industrial parks for social
development;
Establishing a cluster of
comprehensive experiment zones for promoting community
sustainable development.
Soft Science
Research
Soft science is a complete scientific
and technological knowledge system encompassing natural
sciences, social sciences and engineering technologies and
it is crucial for democratic and scientific
decision-making.
SSTC is in charge of the
nation's soft science research. By 1992, some 960 soft
science research organizations had been established
nationwide with some 29,000 researchers. Over 16,000
research topics of soft science had been completed, with
4,341 having won national, ministerial, or provincial level
awards for scientific and technological
progress.
Main Mission of Soft Science Research
in the New Era
To strengthen research on soft
science theories and methodologies;
To conduct
research on important and critical issues in reform and
development and provide services to a democratic and
scientific decision- making process; and To foster the
commercialization and industrialization of soft science
research results and cultivate and develop a consultancy
industry.
Funding
Provided by the
central government agencies and local governments.
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